Apache Virtual Hosts on Debian 8

Step 1 — Creating the Directory Structure

The first step that we are going to take is to make a directory structure that will hold the site data that we will be serving to visitors.

Our document root, the top-level directory that Apache looks at to find content to serve, will be set to individual directories under the /var/www directory. We will create a directory for each of the virtual hosts we’ll configure.

Within each of these directories, we’ll create a folder called public_html that will hold the web pages we want to serve. This gives us a little more flexibility in how we deploy more complex web applications in the future; the public_html folder will hold web content we want to serve, and the parent folder can hold scripts or application code to support web content.

Create the directories using the following commands:

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/public_html
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/test.com/public_html

Since we created the directories with sudo, they are owned by our root user. If we want our regular user to be able to modify files in our web directories, we change the ownership, like this:

sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/example.com/public_html
sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/test.com/public_html

The $USER variable uses the value of the user you are currently logged in as when you press ENTER. By doing this, our regular user now owns the public_html subdirectories where we will be storing our content.

We should also modify our permissions a little bit to ensure that read access is permitted to the general web directory and all of the files and folders it contains so that pages can be served correctly. Execute this command to change the permissions on the /var/www folder and its children:

sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www

If you’re new to managing permissions on Linux, see this tutorial.

Your web server should now have the permissions it needs to serve content, and your user should be able to create content within the necessary folders. Let’s create an HTML file for each site. We have our directory structure in place. Let’s create some content to serve.

Step 2 — Creating Default Pages for Each Virtual Host

Let’s create a simple index.html page for each site. This will help us ensure that our virtual hosts are configured properly later on. Let’s start with the page for example.com. Edit a new index.html file with the following command:

nano /var/www/example.com/public_html/index.html

In this file, create a simple HTML document that indicates that the visitor is looking at example.com’s home page:

/var/www/example.com/public_html/index.html
<html>
 <head>
 <title>Welcome to Example.com!</title>
 </head>
 <body>
 <h1>Success! The example.com virtual host is working!</h1>
 </body>
</html>

Save and close the file when you are finished.

Now copy this file to the test.com site:

cp /var/www/example.com/public_html/index.html /var/www/test.com/public_html/index.html

Then open the file in your editor:

nano /var/www/test.com/public_html/index.html

Change the file so it references test.com instaed of example.com:

/var/www/test.com/public_html/index.html
<html>
 <head>
 <title>Welcome to Test.com!</title>
 </head>
 <body> <h1>Success! The test.com virtual host is working!</h1>
 </body>
</html>

Save and close this file. You now have the pages necessary to test the virtual host configuration. Next, let’s configure the virtual hosts.

Step 3 — Create New Virtual Host Files

Virtual host files specify the actual configuration of our virtual hosts and dictate how the Apache web server will respond to various domain requests.

Apache comes with a default virtual host file called 000-default.conf that you can use as a jumping off point. Copy this file for the first domain:

sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf

Note: The default Apache configuration in Debian 8 requires that each virtual host file end in .conf.

Open the new file in your editor:

sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf

The file will look something like the following example, with some additional comments:

/etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>

ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
 DocumentRoot /var/www/html

ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
 CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined

</VirtualHost>

This virtual host matches any requests that are made on port 80, the default HTTP port. Let’s make a few changes to this configuration, and add a few new directives.

First, change the ServerAdmin directive to an email that the site administrator can receive emails through.

/etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf
ServerAdmin admin@example.com

Next, we need to add two new directives. The first, called ServerName, establishes the base domain for this virtual host definition. The second, called ServerAlias, defines further names that should match as if they were the base name. This is useful for matching additional hosts you defined, so both example.comand www.example.com both work, provided both of these hosts point to this server’s IP address.

Add these two directives to your configuration file, right after the ServerAdmin line:

/etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>

ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
 ServerName example.com
 ServerAlias www.example.com
 DocumentRoot /var/www/html
...

Next, change the location of the document root for this domain by altering the DocumentRoot directive to point to the directory you created for this host:

DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/public_html

Once you’ve made these changes, your file should look like this:

/etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
 ServerAdmin admin@example.com
 ServerName example.com
 ServerAlias www.example.com
 DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/public_html
 ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
 CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>

Save and close the file.

Then create the second configuration file by creating a copy of this file:

sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/test.com.conf

Open the new file in your editor:

sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/test.com.conf

Then change the relevant settings to reference your second domain. When you are finished, your file will look like this:

/etc/apache2/sites-available/test.com.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
 ServerAdmin admin@test.com
 ServerName test.com
 ServerAlias www.test.com
 DocumentRoot /var/www/test.com/public_html
 ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
 CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>

Save and close the file.

Now that we have created our virtual host files, we can enable them.

Step 4 — Enabling the New Virtual Host Files

You’ve created the folders and the virtual host configuration files, but Apache won’t use them until you activate them. You can use the a2ensite tool to enable each of your sites.

Activate the first site:

sudo a2ensite example.com.conf

You’ll see the following output if there were no syntax errors or typos in your file:

Output
Enabling site example.com.

To activate the new configuration, you need to run:

service apache2 reload

In order for your changes to take effect, you have to reload Apache. But before you do, enable the other site:

sudo a2ensite test.com.conf

You’ll see a similar message indicating the site was enabled:

Output
Enabling site test.com.

To activate the new configuration, you need to run:

service apache2 reload

Next, disable the default site defined in 000-default.conf by using the a2dissite command:

sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf

Now, restart Apache:

sudo systemctl restart apache2

The sites are now configured. Let’s test them out. If you’re using real domains configured to point to your server’s IP address, you can skip the next step. But if your domains haven’t propogated yet, or if you’re just testing, read on to learn how to test this setup using your local computer.

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